<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Bioethics journal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Bioethics journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Биоэтика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2070-1586</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2782-6589</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Volgograd State Medical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">702009</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.19163/2070-1586-2025-18-2-14-20</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Theoretical bioethics</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Теоретическая биоэтика</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The ethical issues of neurotechnologies</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Этические проблемы нейротехнологий</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8881-3994</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Davtyan</surname><given-names>Susanna A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Давтян</surname><given-names>Сусанна Амбарцумовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="AM">Armenia</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Professor, Senior Lecturer, Professor of the Department of Social Sciences</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор философских наук, профессор кафедры социальных наук</p></bio><email>susannadavtyan47@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5901-498X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mesropyan</surname><given-names>Vilena V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Месропян</surname><given-names>Вилена Врежовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD student, Lecturer of the Department of Social Sciences</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант, преподаватель кафедры социальных наук</p></bio><email>mesropyanm@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Yerevan State Medical University named after Mkhitar Heratsi</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Ереванский государственный медицинский университет имени Мхитара Гераци</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-11-20" publication-format="electronic"><day>20</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>18</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>14</fpage><lpage>20</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-01-31"><day>31</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Davtyan S.A., Mesropyan V.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Давтян С.А., Месропян В.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Davtyan S.A., Mesropyan V.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Давтян С.А., Месропян В.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://bioethicsjournal.ru/2070-1586/article/view/702009">https://bioethicsjournal.ru/2070-1586/article/view/702009</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The main objective of the presented article is to consider the features of neuroethics as an emerging scientific problem. Neuroethics is examined from various perspectives. On the one hand, it is presented as a new topic in bioethics, while on the other, it is explored as a component of modern medical innovations known as «human enhancement». The social, economical and political consequences of the use of neurotechnologies in different fields of life are also analyzed. The need for critical reflection and ethical regulation of the use of neurotechnologies, especially directed by organizations as UNESCO are emphasized. This article proposes an enlarged understanding of the neurorights in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Neurorights are a new category of rights that protect mental integrity from the exploitation of neurotechnologies. The study's findings are important for understanding modern legal concepts related to neurorights and adapting the existing norms to address ethical and social issues related to new technologies. The authors support the use of ethical concepts such as personal identification, free choice, mental autonomy, equal access and bias prevention. Issues related to mental autonomy include improper information handling, lack of legal security guarantees and violations of medical rights and freedoms. Studying these concerns is crucial for promoting appropriate neurotechnology development and use. The article highlights the importance of establishing clear ethical principles to protect individual rights and promote responsible use of neurotechnologies as well as the necessity to modify current regulatory frameworks to meet ethical and societal concerns related to emerging neurotechnologies.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Основная цель представленной статьи – рассмотрение особенностей нейроэтики как новой научной проблемы. Нейроэтика рассматривается с разных точек зрения. С одной стороны, она представлена как новая тема в биоэтике, а с другой – как компонент современных медицинских инноваций, известных как «улучшение человека». Также анализируются социальные, экономические и политические последствия использования нейротехнологий в различных сферах жизни. Подчеркивается необходимость критического осмысления и этического регулирования использования нейротехнологий, особенно под руководством таких организаций, как ЮНЕСКО. В данной статье предлагается расширенное понимание нейроправ во Всеобщей декларации прав человека. Нейроправа – это новая категория прав, которые защищают психическую целостность от эксплуатации нейротехнологий. Результаты исследования важны для понимания современных правовых концепций, связанных с нейроправами, и адаптации существующих норм для решения этических и социальных вопросов, связанных с новыми технологиями. Авторы поддерживают использование таких этических концепций, как личная идентификация, свободный выбор, психическая автономия, равный доступ и предотвращение предвзятости. Проблемы, связанные с психической автономией, включают ненадлежащее обращение с информацией, отсутствие правовых гарантий безопасности и нарушения медицинских прав и свобод. Изучение этих проблем имеет решающее значение для содействия надлежащему развитию и использованию нейротехнологий. В статье подчеркивается важность установления четких этических принципов для защиты индивидуальных прав и содействия ответственному использованию нейротехнологий, а также необходимость изменения текущих нормативных рамок для удовлетворения этических и общественных проблем, связанных с новыми нейротехнологиями.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>neurotechnology</kwd><kwd>human improvement</kwd><kwd>dignity</kwd><kwd>neurorights</kwd><kwd>brain imaging</kwd><kwd>brain enhancement</kwd><kwd>applied ethics</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>нейротехнологии</kwd><kwd>улучшение человека</kwd><kwd>достоинство</kwd><kwd>нейроправа</kwd><kwd>визуализация мозга</kwd><kwd>улучшение мозга</kwd><kwd>прикладная этика</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Davtyan S.A. Intradaction to Bioethics. Monography. Yerevan, 2012. 329 р.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Davtyan S.A Bioethics. Handout. Yerevan, 2013. 189 р.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Davtyan S.A. Experimental Course of Bioethics Upon the Bioethics Curriculum of UNESCO: Methodology and Result of Investigation. International Journal Medicine and Law. 2012;31(4):495–513.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Davtyan S.A. Ethical Review System for Biomedical Research in the Republic of Armenia (Historical and Cultural Background, Legal Regulations, Education in Bioethics, Perspectives and forms of International Cooperation), in Ethical Review of Bio-medical Research in CIS Countries (Social and Cultural Aspects). Saint Petersburg, 2007:89–103. (In Russ.).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Ienca M. From Healthcare to Warfare and Reverse: How Should We Regulate Dual-Use Neurotechnology? Neuron. 2018;2:269–274.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Roskies A. Neuroethics for the New Millenium. Neuron. 2002;35:21–23.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Maloy S., Hughes K. (eds.). Brenner's Encyclopedia of Genetics (2nd ed.). London; Academic Press, 2013. 4368 р.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Safire W. Visions for a new field of “Neuroethics”. Neuroethics: Mapping the Field Conference Proceedings, May 13–14, 2002, San Francisco, California. New York; The Dana Press, 2002:3–9.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Wolpe P. Neuroethics. Encyclopedia of Bioethics. 3rd ed. Vol. 3. New York; The Gale Group, 2004:1895–1898.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Fins J. Toward a Pragmatic Neuroethics in Theory and Practice. Debates About Neuroethics Perspectives on Its Development, Focus and Future. New York; Springer International Publishing AG, 2017:45–66.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Davtyan S.A. Human Rights and Dignity as Bioethical Problem. Legal and Ethical Challenges of Biomedicine. Yerevan, 2017:29–37.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Levy N. Neuroethics: Challenge for the 21st Century. Cambridge; Cambridge University Press Publ., 2007. 364 p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Ackerman S. Hard science, hard choices: facts, ethics, and policies guiding brain science today. New York; Dana Press, 2006. 152 p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Hyman S.E. The diagnosis of mental disorders: the problem of reification. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology. 2010;27(6):155–179.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Dees R.H. Better Brains, Better Selves? The Ethics of Neuroenhancements. 2007;17(4):371–395.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Forlini C., Hall W. Navigating the enhancement landscape, Ethical issues in research on cognitive enhancers for healthy individuals. EMBO Rep. 2013;14(2):123–128.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>McMahan J. Cognitive Disability and Cognitive Enhancement. Metaphilosophy. 2009;40(3):582–605.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Metzinger T. The Ego Tunnel – The Science of the Mind and the Myth of the Self Basic Books. New York, 2009. 288 р.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
