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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Bioethics journal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Bioethics journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Биоэтика</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2070-1586</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2782-6589</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Volgograd State Medical University</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">632907</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.19163/2070-1586-2024-17-1-19-29</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Theoretical bioethics</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Теоретическая биоэтика</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Approaches to moral bioenhancement in classical and liberal eugenics</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Подходы к нравственному биоулучшению в классической и либе-ральной евгенике</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1505-5376</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Perova</surname><given-names>Nina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Перова</surname><given-names>Нина Вадимовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>postgraduate student</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант</p></bio><email>nino4kaperova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0760-5040</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Glebova</surname><given-names>Sofia V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Глебова</surname><given-names>Софья Валерьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD in Philosophy, assistant professor, Russian philosophy and culture department</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат философских наук, ассистент кафедры русской философии и культуры</p></bio><email>sophi_ign@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Saint Petersburg State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-05-27" publication-format="electronic"><day>27</day><month>05</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>17</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>19</fpage><lpage>29</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-05-27"><day>27</day><month>05</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-05-27"><day>27</day><month>05</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Perova N.V., Glebova S.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Перова Н.В., Глебова С.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Perova N.V., Glebova S.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Перова Н.В., Глебова С.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://bioethicsjournal.ru/2070-1586/article/view/632907">https://bioethicsjournal.ru/2070-1586/article/view/632907</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background</bold>:<bold> </bold>The general trend towards the moralization of society, associated both with attempts to overcome the state of social and political crises, and determined by the general tendency to accept the Other, determines the need to address issues of moral improvement of moral agents. At first glance, biological improvement seems more reliable, because in the future it is more stable and predictable. In this regard, it seems extremely important to turn to the tradition of eugenic discussions.</p> <p><bold>Aim: </bold>To analyze approaches to improving a moral agent using biological methods in domestic and world science.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods</bold>: To achieve<bold> </bold>the goal of the work, materials from the Galton School of Eugenics, policy articles of the Russian Eugenics Society by N.K. were analyzed. Koltsov and the modern discourse of liberal eugenics.</p> <p><bold>Results</bold>: On the one hand, the biological improvement of a moral agent seems to be more predictable (in the case of relevant research) and more sustainable. On the other hand, history shows us the risks of this approach. The failure of classical eugenics, which degenerated in Europe into Nazi practices, and political decisions close to them in the USA seems obvious. Modern «liberal eugenics», in attempts to solve these problems, runs into the risks of discrimination.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion</bold>: For more than a century, moral bioenhancement scholars have failed to offer specific criteria for a moral agent. Based on the analysis of eugenic discourse, the article raises ethical questions, the answers to which must be given to the scientific community before conducting practical experiments.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Актуальность. </bold>Общий тренд на морализацию общества, связанный как с попытками выйти из состояния социальных и политических кризисов, так и определяемый общей тенденцией принятия другого, определяет необходимость обращения к вопросам нравственного совершенствования моральных агентов. Биологическое улучшение, на первый взгляд, представляется более надежным, так как в перспективе является более устойчивым и прогнозируемым. В связи с этим представляется крайне важным обратиться к традиции евгенических дискуссий.</p> <p><bold>Цель работы:</bold> проанализировать подходы к совершенствованию морального агента биологическими методами в отечественной и мировой науке.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы</bold>. Для достижения цели работы были проанализированы материалы Гальтонской школы евгеники, программные статьи Российского евгенического общества Н.К. Кольцова и современный дискурс либеральной евгеники.</p> <p><bold>Результаты</bold>. С одной стороны, биологическое улучшение морального агента представляется более предсказуемым (в случае релевантных исследований) и более устойчивым. С другой стороны, история демонстрирует нам риски данного подхода. Очевидным представляется провал классической евгеники, выродившейся в Европе в нацистские практики, и близкие к ним политические решения в США. Современная «либеральная евгеника» в попытках решить данные проблемы упирается в риски дискриминации.</p> <p><bold>Заключение</bold>. Более чем за столетие специалисты в области нравственного биоулучшения так и не предложили конкретных критериев морального агента. На основании анализа евгенического дискурса в статье ставятся этические вопросы, ответы на которые научному сообществу необходимо дать до начала проведения практических экспериментов.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>moral agent</kwd><kwd>moral biological improvement</kwd><kwd>classical eugenics</kwd><kwd>liberal eugenics</kwd><kwd>ethical risks</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>моральный агент</kwd><kwd>нравственное биологическое улучшение</kwd><kwd>классическая евгеника</kwd><kwd>либеральная евгеника</kwd><kwd>этические риски</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This study was supported with the support of the Russian Science Foundation grant «Transformations of moral agency: ethical and philosophical analysis» No. 22-28-00379.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">При поддержке гранта Российского научного фонда «Трансформации моральной агентности: этико-философский анализ» № 22-28-00379.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Galton F., Inquiries into human faculty and its development. 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