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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Russian Journal of Zoology</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Russian Journal of Zoology</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Зоологический журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0044-5134</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">3034-5456</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">The Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">700435</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7868/S3034543X25110048</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">DURATION OF TONIC IMMOBILITY ALLOWS TO PREDICT THE BEHAVIOR OF A YOUNG CAPERCAILLIE (<italic>TETRAO UROGALLUS</italic>, AVES) WHEN ENCOUNTERING A PREDATOR</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>ПРОДОЛЖИТЕЛЬНОСТЬ ТОНИЧЕСКОЙ НЕПОДВИЖНОСТИ ПОЗВОЛЯЕТ ПРЕДСКАЗАТЬ ПОВЕДЕНИЕ МОЛОДОГО ГЛУХАРЯ (<italic>TETRAO UROGALLUS</italic>, AVES) ПРИ ВСТРЕЧЕ С ХИЩНИКОМ</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Minina</surname><given-names>M. A</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Минина</surname><given-names>М. А</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>maff14@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Klimova</surname><given-names>A. M</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Климова</surname><given-names>А. М</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>-</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Druzyaka</surname><given-names>O. R</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Друзяка</surname><given-names>О. Р</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>-</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Druzyaka</surname><given-names>A. V</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Друзяка</surname><given-names>А. В</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email>-</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Animal Systematics and Ecology, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт систематики и экологии животных CO PAH</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Novosibirsk State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Новосибирский государственный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Research Institute of Virology, FSBSI "Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine"</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">НИИ вирусологии, ФГБНУ "Федеральный исследовательский центр фундаментальной и трансляционной медицины"</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-11-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>104</volume><issue>11</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 104, NO11 (2025)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 104, №11 (2025)</issue-title><fpage>40</fpage><lpage>50</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-01-08"><day>08</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Российская академия наук</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Российская академия наук</copyright-holder></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://bioethicsjournal.ru/0044-5134/article/view/700435">https://bioethicsjournal.ru/0044-5134/article/view/700435</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The implementation of grouse reintroduction programs is often complicated by the animals released into the wild quickly die as a result of attacks by predators. The ability to predict in advance the reactions of introduced animals to danger is an important step in the development of selective release programs that increase the efficiency of artificial replenishment of populations. Our subjects were three-week old captive-bred wood grouse. The chicks were placed in a new environment and presented with the silhouettes of a flying goose and hawk. We attempted to predict the birds’ individual reactions to this situation. The prediction was based on the results of the tonic immobility test, a classic method for assessing individual stress reactions. We performed the test with each chick twice, determining the duration of tonic immobility at the age of two weeks (TH<sub>2</sub>) and at the age of three weeks (TH<sub>3</sub>), one day before the presentation of the silhouettes. Chicks with a higher TH<sub>3</sub> either paid no attention to the "hawk" when it appeared or, after a short freeze, returned to exploring or eating. Chicks with lower TH<sub>3</sub> demonstrated a more pronounced defensive reaction: prolonged freezing or flight. The reaction to the "goose", always presented before the "hawk", was not correlated with TH<sub>3</sub>. The duration of tonic immobility was repeatable in the third week of life, but we failed to predict the defensive reactions of three-week old wood grouse based on TH<sub>2</sub>. The defensive reactions of wood grouse had high contextual and temporal consistency in the fourth week of life.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Реализация программ реинтродукции тетеревиных птиц часто осложняется тем, что выпущенные в дикую природу животные быстро погибают в результате нападений хищников. Возможность заранее предсказывать реакции интродуктов на опасность – важный шаг на пути разработки программ избирательного выпуска, повышающих эффективность искусственного пополнения популяций. Нашим объектом были выращенные в неволе трехнедельные глухари. Птенцов помещали в новую среду и последовательно предъявляли им силуэты летящих гуся и ястреба. Мы попытались предсказать индивидуальные реакции птиц в этой ситуации. Прогноз осуществляли на основании результатов теста тонической неподвижности (ТТН) – классического метода оценки индивидуальной реакции на стресс. Тест проводили с каждым из птенцов дважды, определяя продолжительность тонической неподвижности в возрасте двух недель (ТН<sub>2</sub>) и в возрасте трех недель (ТН<sub>3</sub>), за сутки до предъявления силуэтов. Птенцы с большей ТН<sub>3</sub> при появлении "ястреба" либо не обращали на него внимания, либо, после непродолжительного замирания, возвращались к исследованию или еде. Птенцы с меньшей ТН<sub>3</sub> демонстрировали более выраженную защитную реакцию: продолжительное замирание или бегство. Реакция на "гуся", всегда предъявляемого перед "ястребом", не была связана с величиной показателя ТН<sub>3</sub>. Продолжительность тонической неподвижности была индивидуально устойчивой на третьей неделе жизни, однако нам не удалось прогнозировать защитные реакции трехнедельных глухарей на основе ТН<sub>2</sub>. Защитные реакции глухарей на четвертой неделе жизни обладали высокой контекстной и временной устойчивостью.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>individual animal behavior</kwd><kwd>ontogeny of individual behavior</kwd><kwd>animal personality</kwd><kwd>wood grouse</kwd><kwd>grouse</kwd><kwd>chicks</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>индивидуальное поведение животных</kwd><kwd>онтогенез индивидуального поведения</kwd><kwd>персоналии у животных</kwd><kwd>глухари</kwd><kwd>тетеревиные птицы</kwd><kwd>птенцы</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена при поддержке программы ФНИ государственных академий наук на 2021–2025 гг., FWGS-0247-2021-0003.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Ильина Т.А., Киселева А.В., Беляков В.В., Еланская А.С., Паллак А.М., Уварова М.А., Устинова Д.А., 2022. 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